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簡述政事堂的演變過程及前后政事堂的不同

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唐代宰相議政的辦事場所叫政事堂。在唐代初年唐太宗在位時,尤其重視門下省的諫議封駁職能。所以政事堂設在門下省,唐高宗時又移至中書省,到唐玄宗時,改 政事堂為中書門下,稱中書門下政事堂。 中書門下政事堂和以前的門下政事堂、中書政事堂相比,在體制上有以下不同。首先,唐初宰相多為兼職,除三省長官外,還以其品級較低的官員加上“參與朝政” “同中書門下三品”等名號,讓其進入政事堂分任宰相之事,以削弱三省長官的權力。這些兼職宰相上午在政事堂議政,下午回本署辦公。中書門下政事堂則不同, 凡掛衙“同三品”或“同平章事”者均為專職宰相,不再回本署辦公。其次,中書門下政事堂在正廳之后設吏、樞機、兵、戶、刑五房,對口指揮尚書六部,使宰相 的辦事機構逐漸完備。第三,中書門下體制存在著宰相權力的分散和集中兩種傾向。中書門下體制原來是一種分散相權的集體宰相制,但宰相中的首席宰相號稱“執 政事筆”會因受皇帝寵信而擅權。唐肅宗時,鑒于李林甫,楊國忠專權的教訓,實行諸宰相十日一輪流秉筆承旨的制度,唐德宗時實行宰相一日一值守。北宋也延續 這種制度。

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